How is Photogrammetry useful in GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Geographic Information System is the one in which geographic information shared and displayed using GIS application tools. The GIS application tools help the users in analyzing the spatial data, edit data in maps, and make a presentation of the operations carried out in applications. GIS has got applications for different fields like engineering, planning, management, transport and logistics, insurance, telecommunication, and business sector.

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is carrying out measurements with the aid of pictures, particularly for the precise location of surface points. Found somewhere in the middle of the 19th century, photogrammetry is an age-old technology as of regular photography. The gap between 2 points lying on a plane which is in parallelism with the plane of the image, may be found by measurement of their distance on the image if the size of the image is understood.

Photogrammetry can be split into three different words as:

Photo – Light

Gram – Drawing

Metry – Measurement

So, photogrammetry is the process carried out consisting of lights, drawings, and measurements. The technology is implemented for creating maps. These maps are designed using drone cameras, and hence it is known as aerial photogrammetry.

One who is familiar with photogrammetry can work in sectors private organizations, government sector, agricultural sector, advertising organizations, environmental and medical sectors.

Photogrammetry finds application in the fields below:

• Topographic Mapping
• Architecture
• Engineering
• Manufacturing
• Quality Control
• Crime Investigation
• Geology
• Archeology
• Meteorology
• Film Industry
• Gaming
• Automobile Sector
• Analysis of Accidents
• Transportation
• Logistics

Consider an optical lens as a middle of the read and light-weight rays piercing straightly into the image through the center. If the standardization of the camera is correct, i.e., we all know the focal distance, then we can analyze the angles of the rays from entirely different points. Though we’ve got three points within the state of affairs and their 3D coordinates, then determinant the position of the middle gets simple. Further, the orientation of the exposure holds the importance. Instead, we can accurately establish a location exploitation GPS from fundamental knowledge.

When a square measures two overlapping pictures, there’s associate choice to come across the 3D vectors from each image. Further, we can outline the 3D location of points within the state of affairs.  Our brain performs this calculation of intersection once observing a 3D film or stereo. Even in computer’s vision, two pictures square measure combined to supply higher results.

Conclusion:

The modern technology needs a supportive system for mapping purposes. With the advent of new technologies, photogrammetry is proving to be useful for almost all the fields of work and its importance is growing nowadays. Photogrammetry is hence fulfilling public demands very effectively.

Do leave your views in the comment box below.

 Source: https://blog.nibt.education/2018/03/photogrammetry-usage-in-gis/

The need to understand the importance of the career in photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is one such field which is emerging at a higher rate, and there are a satisfying amount of reasons on why you should choose it as your career!

This blog intends to guide you through your questions like why learn photogrammetry, why photogrammetry is beneficial, what career opportunities are there in photogrammetry, etc.

First of all, you need to know what photogrammetry is, how it works, and what are its areas and applications in the various industries.

After knowing these things which I feel that those blogs hopefully guided you well, now it is the turn to tell after all why photogrammetry is beneficial for your career and why you should choose it?

The summary of the photogrammetry and the other blogs would have given quite a big idea on why photogrammetrists are in constant demand!

But here, we will discuss the top five reasons for why photogrammetry is beneficial for your career?

1. Take the road less traveled by

People, especially in India are least interested in experiments! Whenever we ask the question of career, precisely what to do after 12th, then all we know is Engineering/Medical/Government Exams of different sectors!

WHY? Why not we choose any other options? There are so many in which you can work in your areas of interest, without getting bored! The career areas in the field of Geographic Information Systems give you an ocean of opportunities and jobs! These jobs also guarantee you the success which you desire. Jobs in photogrammetry are the recent trend and will continue to give you multiple benefits.

2. Several opportunities and uses but lack of skill

The private sector survey done in the ASPRS/NASA’s managers revealed that there is a shortage of trained workers. The lack of the necessary skill sets among a significant number of the graduates creates too many vacancies. With few exceptions like National Institute of Building Technology, only the more prominent universities offer programs like remote sensing and photogrammetry. The massive cost of the technology and a deficiency of expertise makes this course as a rare gem in India. In the hope to raise the professional bar, colleges, universities, and institutions are starting to offer further GIS/ remote sensing related programs and hiring expert faculty.

3. Umpteen industries to work in

Photogrammetry helps in solving complex human-made world issues and touching all aspects of life. The role of Photogrammetry is becoming more and more critical for the precise decision-making process. Practical knowledge is very crucial to understand the concept deeply to explore the innovative use of the technology and its application areas. The broad range of applications amplifies the jobs in photogrammetry all over the globe. You can find jobs in photogrammetry anywhere in the world in the varied number of fields! The areas and applications can be seen here.

4. Immortal field

Jobs in photogrammetry and cartography are projected to grow 30 percent from 2017 to 2025, faster than the combined average for all occupations!

Overall, photogrammetrists and cartographers are likely to be in demand for ensuring the authenticity and precision of future maps.

Also, growing use of maps for national defense and local government preparation will fuel employment rise. The widening use of mobile, GPS, GPRS and multiple technologies will also result in current jobs for photogrammetrists and cartographers.

Photogrammetrists, mainly, are in need to manage the satellite, aerial, and light-imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) images.

Cartographers visualize spatial data and design the concluding presentation of information for customers. Their perfect design skills make data more accessible to users.

Photogrammetrists have excellent job opportunities. As there is a significant boost in the quantity of available mapping data, therefore, exists a need for photogrammetrists to refine and interpret this data. These workers will also be required to calibrate cameras and other tools when collecting this data.

5. Jobs will keep growing

The central fact and advantage of this area are that graduates, of whatever level of qualification, can usually land a job as soon as they complete their course. They will be getting a job when they will do a proper internship program. So, which fields you are planning to discover?

The GIS industry is enormous and shouting out for recruits. It is in the rare position where there are more jobs than the graduates! There are chances that you will work for offshore companies as well as for local authorities. They are always searching for people having GIS experience. Also, the transport companies, medical, environment, film and gaming industry, police services, agriculture, and numerous other industries desperately need photogrammetrists and GIS experts.

You can have rewarding jobs in this industry. Also, they surely have high chances to travel, and usually where their company pays the bills!

And then, there are multiple opportunities in academics and research too, if you find the career more appealing.

So, these were the solid top five reasons for doing jobs in photogrammetry! Now, if anyone asks you why you chose photogrammetry as a career, then you have five reasons to tell.

What are your plans for your career? Choose Photogrammetry and Never Look Back!

Working of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Clarification of the term- Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry, as the name suggests, is a 3-dimensional co-ordinate calculating technique. It uses images as the primary medium for metrology. The unrevealed principle used in photogrammetry is triangulation or more accurately called Aerial Triangulation. By taking at least two pictures from the so-called “lines of sight” get developed from the particular camera. They later become points on the object. To produce 3-dimensional co-ordinate plan of the points of interest, they mathematically intersect these lines of sight (which are of optical nature).

The Prussian architect Albrecht Meydenbauer in 1867 coined the term photogrammetry.

He fashioned some of the earliest topographic maps and elevation drawings. Photogrammetry services in topographic mapping are famous, but in recent years the technique has widely grown in the several fields. Various industries like engineering, architecture, underwater, forensic, geology, medicine, movies, games, and many other areas require precise 3D data.

Branches of photogrammetry

There are two broad-based categories in photogrammetry:

• Metric Photogrammetry: It comprises of the specific measurements and calculations on photographs about the size, shape, and position of graphics features. For obtaining other data such as relevant locations (co-ordinate) of areas, features, and volumes, these calculations are mandatory.
  The particular technical camera takes the photographs, and that camera gets used in engineering fields like surveying.

• Interpretive Photogrammetry: This type deals with perception and identification of the particular features on a photograph such as its size, shape, shadow, texture, pattern, etc. This type interprets the image to add importance and intelligence.

Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing technology is an essential part of photogrammetry. It also collects data from images. The term comes from the fact that you don't need to physically go to the place from where you want the data.

So, then what's the difference between remote sensing and photogrammetry?

The difference lies in the final information which we get. The colors specify the differences. Therefore, land use/land cover is one of the primary outputs of remote sensing process. The origin of remote sensing was to exploit a vast number of color zones in satellite images and to create 2D data primarily for GIS.

Nowadays, remote sensing devices are advanced which assist in 2D data gathering and formulation. Software tools today have a vaster and comprehensive range of technologies such as image mosaicing, 3D visualization, RADAR, GIS, as well as the softcopy photogrammetry.

Concepts to focus:

• Radiometric resolution.
• Spatial resolution.
• Temporal resolution
• Spectral resolution.
• The radiometric resolution represents the capacity of the sensor to estimate the brightness of objects or the signal strength (acoustic reflectance). The sensor which is more sensitive to the reflectance of an object than its surroundings will be beneficial to sense the smallest object.
• The spatial resolution represents the capacity of a sensor to identify the smallest dimension of a design on an image. In a sense, the separable distance between different patterns or things in a photograph which we can see in meters.
• The temporal resolution relies on many factors– what time a satellite will take to return to the approximately same location in space. Or, the area of the sensor (associated to its ‘footprint’), and whether the sensor can set can off-bottom. You can more formally call it as the ‘revisit period.’
• The spectral resolution uses the sensitivity of a sensor to give the response to a particular frequency spectrum (commonly for airborne and satellite sensors). The frequency scales include visible light, invisible light and also electromagnetic waves. The different wavelengths reflected from the objects (as different colors) make it possible to see the features. But, they must be adequately reflected.

I hope that you now understood the difference between photogrammetry and remote sensing from the above explanation.

Basis of photogrammetry

The basis of photogrammetry is perspective geometry. At the easiest level, you can consider a camera lens as a center of the view and light rays piercing straightly into the image through the center. If the calibration of the camera is proper, i.e., if we know the focal length, then we can analyze the angles of the rays from different points. Even if we have 3 points in the scenario and their 3D coordinates, then determining the position of the center gets easy. Further, the orientation of the photo holds the importance. Alternatively, we can accurately identify a location using GPS from initial data.

Knowing the orientation and position of the image enables us to determine the 3D vector from the image point. The center defines it per light ray.

When there are more than two overlapping images, there is an option to intersect the 3D vectors from every image. Further, we can define the 3D location of points in the scenario.  Our brains perform this calculation of intersection when watching a 3D movie or stereo pair. Even in computer's vision, more than two images are combined to produce better results.

Hence, this article was all about the working of photogrammetry and remote sensing.

Let us know your comments.

Source: https://blog.nibt.education/2018/03/working-of-photogrammetry-and-remote-sensing/

Geographic Information Systems Courses in India

401 – Geographic Information Systems

Learn Advanced Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Courses in India by NIBT. Get Precise GIS Training.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is one of the majorly growing industries with opportunities in over 70 fields. Get appropriate GIS training at NIBT which is one of the primary providers of GIS courses in India!

Overview

GIS is a computer-based data collection, storage, and analysis tool. It merges previously unrelated information into easily understood maps. But, Yes, GIS is much more than plans.
GIS systems can perform complicated analytic functions and then present the results visually as maps or in graphical formats. It allows virtual viewing of the issues and selection of the best action to take.
NIBT is providing an outstanding course highlighting GIS training, thus, helping to bridge the gap between the employers and job-seekers.
By doing this course, there will certainly be multiple career opening for you in various technological & construction sectors. 

Who is this course designed for?

The GIS training (Geographic Information Systems) course design is for the students of various fields. Any graduates from Technology, Engineering, Science, and Computer Science/Application can apply.

Course Features

Discover and learn GIS and its applications. The GIS training will provide a sound working knowledge of GIS.
Most noteworthy, you will able to apply these systems in various conditions and organizational contexts.
Also, the GIS training will acquaint you with the design and development of essential Geographic Information Systems technologies.
By utilizing this knowledge, you will get ready to develop the short and large-scale projects.
Further, you will understand what GIS is and what are its various applications. While working with various components of GIS, you will learn to create maps, explore the data behind the maps.
Also, you can discover the different application methods to interpret your charts.
Finally, at the end of GIS training course, you will gain a rock-solid knowledge of GIS tools.
Furthermore, you will know how to envision real-world features on GIS maps, explore patterns, and communicate that information to others.

Why NIBT?

NIBT (National Institute of Building Technology) is comprehensively striving towards building better career prospects for the future generation.
It is one of the pioneering institutes, active in providing knowledge of latest construction trends within AEC Industry.
NIBT is indeed one of the top-most emerging institutes which offer GIS courses in India.
NIBT is proud of being a trusted partner & Authorized Training Center (ATC) for Autodesk; it also collaborates with one of the most top-ranked universities- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, U.S.
NIBT was established as an aspiring R & D project with support from esteemed clients in the United States of America.
The primary aim of this project was the development of Skilled Persons to provide the needs and necessities of the evolving modern AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) industry.
Now we are in the race of the providers of GIS courses in India.
Within a short span of time, NIBT successfully met the challenge of outsourcing staff for US projects.

Course Objective

At the completion of the GIS training, students shall:

• Have a primary, practical perception of GIS concepts, techniques, and real-world demands
• Have an understanding of the technical language of GIS
• Know GIS utilization in the broader context of industry needs and IT strategies.
• Understand the basic concepts of geography necessary to efficiently and accurately use GIS technology
• Understand basic GIS data concepts
• Have an ability to perform fundamental GIS analysis of concepts
• Possess practical experience using essential GIS tools
• Possess an understanding of GIS and its relationship to mapping software development
• Have an appreciation of GIS career options and how to pursue them

Learning Objective

After completing the GIS training, you will be able to:

• Get placed in a Reputed MNC in Bangalore by one of the best institutes which offer GIS courses in India
•  
• Describe what GIS is? Why is the data in GIS called georeferenced? Know the GIS related domains
• Understand GIS utilization in decision support system and real-world applications also the fundamental concepts of geography that are required to efficiently and accurately use GIS technology
• Understand the data representation and mapping methods
• Explore and visualize geo-database
• Define geographic data, projected coordinate system, and their types
• Define and design the GIS data model such as vector, raster, TIN, and attribute
• Describe application of various data models
• Define Spatial Data Infrastructure
• Describe multiple sources for data and data acquisition terminologies in GIS
• Describe the topological relationship of spatial data
• Understand source of error in data acquisition and to fix the mistake using GIS software tools
• Make use of attribute query and spatial query in complex analysis contexts
• Define vector, raster, network and surface analysis and their application
• Understand the concepts of Aerial surveying and how it works
• Know the ideas and working of Remote Sensing
• Learn the technical language of GIS
• Understand the GIS career opportunities in current marketplace
• Define the geospatial industrial workflows
• Understand the open source and compatible GIS software vendors worldwide
• Perform various GIS tasks such as data modeling, geo-database creation, visualization, digitization, and mapping
• Know clean up, topology, geo-referencing, data linking, symbology, geo-processing, overlay analysis
• Use technologies like DTM, LPS, and much more with lots of Practical Projects